CORRECTION AND RETRACTION

Correction and Retraction

Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran (DIAJAR) explains on this page how it amends the articles that it has published. The journal separates corrections, which repair errors in articles that remain substantially reliable, from retractions, which warn readers that a publication can no longer be relied on. The journal may also publish an expression of concern while a serious concern is being examined. A request from the authors to remove a published article is assessed under this policy and is not granted automatically.

Action	When it is used	What readers see
Correction	The article is substantially reliable but contains an error that should be repaired.	A dated correction notice that is linked to the original article
Expression of concern	There is a serious concern about an article, and an investigation has not been resolved.	A dated notice that is linked to the article
Retraction	The article can no longer be relied on, for example because of serious error or misconduct.	A dated retraction notice, and a clear status warning on the article

Part A. Corrections

A1. When a correction is appropriate

A correction may be made for the following kinds of errors.

Errors in the data, the tables, the figures, or the supplementary files, such as questionnaires, tests, and other instruments.
Wrong names or affiliations of the authors.
Missing or wrong funding statements, competing interest statements, or acknowledgements.
Errors in references or in the attribution of sources.

A correction must not be used to hide findings that are fundamentally unreliable. If a change would significantly alter the conclusions of an article, the journal first considers whether a correction is enough or whether a different action is needed. Changes to the list of authors follow the Authorship and Contributorship policy.

A2. Requesting and assessing a correction

Authors and readers may request a correction by email to jurnal.diajar@gmail.com. The request should include the DOI of the article, the passage that is affected, the change that is proposed, and the reason for the change. Authors who find a significant error in their own published work should notify the journal promptly.

The responsible editor assesses the effect of the error. The editor may ask the authors to respond, or may obtain independent advice. If the request raises wider concerns about the integrity of the work, the case is handled as described in the Allegations of Misconduct policy. The journal seeks the agreement of the authors, but it may make a necessary correction without it.

A3. Correction notice

A formal correction notice identifies the article, describes the error and the repair, and explains any effect on the interpretation of the article. A notice may be called a corrigendum or an erratum. The notice is dated, is clearly labeled as a correction, is freely accessible, and is linked to the original article. Substantive changes are always disclosed and are never made silently. Minor typographical or technical repairs may be recorded as a version note or an administrative update. When an author asks to change a name, the journal protects the privacy of the author, and notices avoid unnecessary personal details.

A4. Implementation

When a correction changes the file of an article, the corrected version is published together with the correction notice, and the change is recorded so that readers can see what was changed and when. The DOI of the article stays the same. Where it is needed, the journal also updates the metadata of the article and informs the services that index it.

Part B. Retractions

B1. Grounds for consideration

A retraction may be considered in the following circumstances.

The findings are unreliable because of a major error, fabrication, falsification, or an inappropriate analysis.
The article contains substantial plagiarism, or it is an undisclosed redundant publication.
There is a serious problem with the right of the authors to publish the work.
There was a serious ethical failure in the research, for example research carried out without the required permission or consent of the participants.
The process of assessment of the article was compromised.
A major competing interest was not disclosed.

An honest error can also justify a retraction if it undermines the findings. Proof that the authors intended to mislead is not always needed.

B2. Decision safeguards

A retraction is decided by an authorized editor who has no conflict of interest, and the publisher implements the decision. The evidence and the responses of the authors are reviewed as described in the Allegations of Misconduct policy. Allegations that are not supported by evidence, disputes about authorship alone, and problems that can be repaired by a correction normally do not justify a retraction. The authors normally have the opportunity to respond, but their agreement is not required, and the protection of readers will not be delayed indefinitely.

B3. Retraction notice

A retraction notice identifies the article and its DOI, names the party that issued the retraction, and gives the reasons for it based on the evidence. It separates what has been established from what is still unresolved. It uses factual and proportionate wording and does not assign blame to a whole group without evidence. The notice is dated, is freely accessible, is labeled as a retraction, and is permanently linked to the article.

B4. Handling of the published record

A retracted article normally remains available, with a clear status warning and a link to the retraction notice, and it is not deleted. In exceptional circumstances, for example for legal reasons or when there is a serious risk to the privacy or safety of participants such as students or minors, the full text may be removed, and a notice remains to explain the removal. A retraction does not withdraw the license rights that were already granted to readers under the Licensing terms of the journal.

Part C. Expressions of Concern

An expression of concern is a notice that alerts readers to a serious concern about an article while the investigation has not been resolved, or when the evidence suggests a serious problem but is not yet conclusive. The notice is dated, is freely accessible, and is linked to the article. When the case is resolved, the notice is replaced or followed by a correction, by a retraction, or by a statement that the concern has been resolved. Concerns are handled as described in the Allegations of Misconduct policy.