CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

This policy explains how Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis handles competing interests that could affect the reporting, the evaluation, or the publication of research. Its purpose is to keep the editorial process transparent and to protect the scholarly record. In this policy, the terms conflict of interest and competing interest have the same meaning.

5
types of interest to disclose
2
statements required from authors
3
groups with duties: authors, editors, reviewers
1
competing interests statement for the whole manuscript

1. What Is a Competing Interest

A competing interest is any relationship, circumstance, or activity that could influence, or could reasonably appear to influence, the way in which research is conducted, reported, reviewed, or edited.

Disclosure is a protective step and not an accusation. Declaring an interest does not mean that bias or misconduct has occurred. It allows the editors and the readers to judge the work with full information.

2. Interests That Should Be Disclosed

An interest should be disclosed when it is relevant to a manuscript or to an editorial or review assignment. The table below lists five types of interest with examples.

Type of interest Examples
Financial relationships Employment, consultancy, honoraria, ownership of shares, board or advisory positions, patents, royalties, or other commercial benefits, for example from a company, a bank, a consulting firm, a training provider, or a software vendor whose products, services, or practices are discussed in the manuscript.
Funding and sponsorship Research funding, paid expert work, or the involvement of a sponsor in the study, for example a government office, a foundation, a company, an industry association, or a university.
Personal and professional relationships Close personal, supervisory, collaborative, family, business, or other professional ties with authors, reviewers, or editors, for example a supervisor and a student, close colleagues, or recent coauthors.
Interest in the subject of the study Having designed, developed, or sold the program, model, instrument, tool, or service that is evaluated in the study. Studying one's own company, employer, organization, clients, or customers in a way that may affect objectivity. Holding a position in the organization that is the object of the study.
Editorial and journal ties An editorial appointment or another tie to the journal that may require the manuscript to be handled independently.

Ordinary scholarly disagreement is not, by itself, a disqualifying conflict of interest.

3. Author Responsibilities

Requirement What the authors must do
Disclosure Every author must disclose any interest that is relevant to the submitted work.
Competing interests statement The corresponding author compiles one statement for the whole manuscript. If there are no competing interests, the statement must say so.
Funding statement The authors name the sources of funding, the funding organizations, and the grant numbers, and they state whether the funder had any role in the design of the study, in the collection and analysis of data, or in the preparation of the manuscript. If the research received no funding, the statement says so.
Both statements are required The funding statement does not replace the competing interests statement, and the competing interests statement does not replace the funding statement.
Where to place the statements The article template has no separate sections for these statements. Both statements are placed in the Acknowledgements section, as its final paragraphs. Because both statements are required, the Acknowledgements section is included in every manuscript, even when there is nobody else to acknowledge.

Examples of wording

No competing interests. The authors declare no competing interests.

A competing interest is declared. The first author is employed by the company that developed the performance management application that is evaluated in this study. The other authors declare no competing interests.

Funding. This research was funded by [name of funder] under grant number [number]. The funder had no role in the design of the study, in the collection and analysis of the data, or in the preparation of the manuscript.

No funding. This research received no external funding.

These examples show the format only. The statements of a manuscript must describe the real situation of its authors.

4. Editors and Reviewers

4.1 Editors

Before accepting an assignment The editor discloses any relevant interest, and reports promptly any interest that arises later.
Impartiality in doubt An editor whose impartiality may be compromised must not decide on the manuscript.
Manuscripts by editors and board members A manuscript that is submitted by an editor or by a member of the Editorial Board is handled by an editor who is not involved. The editor who is the author takes no part in the evaluation or in the decision.

4.2 Reviewers

Before accepting an invitation The reviewer discloses any relevant interest, and reports promptly any interest that arises later.
A disqualifying conflict A reviewer who has a disqualifying conflict must decline the invitation or withdraw from the review. Examples are a close personal or supervisory relationship with an author, a recent collaboration with an author, or a competing interest in the subject of the manuscript, such as employment by, consultancy for, or competition with an organization that is studied in the manuscript.
Further information See the Peer Review Process page.

When an editor or a reviewer declares a conflict, an editor who is not affected decides whether suitable safeguards are enough or whether the assignment should be given to someone else.

5. Assessment and Late Disclosure

Each declared interest is assessed for its relevance and for its possible effect on the work or on the editorial process. The possible outcomes are listed below.

No. Possible outcome
1 The disclosure is published together with the article.
2 An independent assessment of the manuscript is requested.
3 The editor or the reviewer who is involved is replaced.

A declaration that is missing, incomplete, or inaccurate, and an interest that is disclosed only after submission or after publication, are considered in context. Material concerns are handled under the Publication Ethics, Allegations of Misconduct, and Correction and Retraction policies.

6. Scope of This Policy

  • This policy covers interests that are connected with research and with its assessment.
  • Author fees and the ownership and management of the journal are explained on separate pages: Author Fees and Ownership and Management.
  • Commercial considerations do not influence editorial decisions, as stated in the Publication Ethics policy.

Related Instructions and Enquiries

Questions about this policy, or about a specific disclosure, should be sent to the editorial office at jurnal.manabis@gmail.com.